再来看第一支柱基本养老保险。农民工进城务工，本应该加入城镇职工基本养老保险，但是：一是，农民工的流动性高，可能经常更换打工城市，虽然有养老保险转移接续制度却因为程序仍然较为复杂影响了其参保积极性；二是，农民工的职业稳定性不高，很多农民工务工灵活，甚至没有固定的单位（比如，网约车司机可能在多个平台接单）、没有签订劳动合同，所以多数时候他们没有缴纳社保的依托单位。而如果农民工以灵活就业身份参加城镇职工基本养老保险，又面临缴费过高（缴费比例为个人工资的20%）的困境。因此，大部分进城务工的农民，仍然是在户籍所在地参加城乡居民基本养老保险。

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