猴痘病毒的宿主尚不明确，目前认为非洲啮齿类（非洲松鼠、树松鼠、冈比亚袋鼠、睡鼠等）可能为其自然宿主。传染源包括感染的啮齿类动物、猴和猿等灵长类动物、患者。病例出现症状后至皮疹结痂自然脱落前具有传染性。病例出现症状前4天内可能具有传染性。

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